Interrelationships between Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Human Thermal Comfort (HTC): A Comparative Analysis of Different Spatial Settings

A few studies on outdoor human thermal comfort (HTC) have been conducted in the tropical region a hot and humid climate; however, there is paucity of discussions how exactly different spatial settings influence HTC. Thus, this paper aims to examine land use cover (LULC) affects HTC basis simulation Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) indices via ENVI-met Rayman. The results reveal that people living urban area higher tendency experience strong heat stress (25% areas with PMV ranging from 3.4 3.9 2% areas, where reached 4.1), followed by rural (43% 2.1 2.4), suburban (more than 50% values less 2.4). Surprisingly, concrete LULC suburb exhibits air temperature an asphalt surface at 4 p.m., due large high albedo increases reflection solar radiation, subsequently contributing warming up airmass. Similarly, sandy, loamy tend emit more during nighttime, while absorbed slowly daytime, it then released nighttime after 6 p.m. Spatial promote are mainly contributed asphalt, concrete, areas. Meanwhile, likely stress, agricultural plantations lowland forest provide shade, except for barren lands-loamy result also indicates tree-covered near river afforded best PET 30.7. From comparison, pivotal consider tree species (canopy density), material (albedo), sky-view factor, wind direction, speed toward designing comfortable sustainable environment.